Physical Development of Children in Middle Childhood Essay

This topic considers what the physical development of children in ‘middle childhood (6-10)’ is, and how their physical needs in the learning environment can be accommodated. The key elements taken into consideration would be the development of motor skills for the selected age group and the influences of the specified group. The benefits of physical activity and the consequences of prolonged inactivity, how a student’s development can be facilitated or restricted through development in other areas with the use of physical activity and issues of health and well being in the learning environment to accommodate or support the physical needs and development of the students in the specified age group. Accounts and ideas by specialists in the†¦show more content†¦It is stated by McInerney McInerney that â€Å"Overemphasis on one type of developmental readiness – such as reading readiness, for example – may preclude learners from demonstrating that they are more capable in other areas of performance† (McInerney, D.M McInerney, V. 2002) Therefore the same theory would apply to a student having physical developmental readiness. Through physical activity students’ grow their motor skills and enables them to utilise them in learning environments such as the class room. In kindergarten students the motor skills would be a lot less developed that that if a year 6 student, so when planning a physical activity this needs to be taken into account. The benefits of implementing physical activity into the curriculum of students’ are not only a valuable asset to the students’ health and well being, but also to their learning development. Physical activity promotes healthy growth and development of the cardio respiratory system, enabling oxygen to travel throughout their bodies helping with healthy muscle and bone growth in children. Physical activity also promotes social health benefits in children giving them more confidence and vital social skills development â€Å"Our Bodies and our brains are adapted to regular exercise, and they do not function well without it† (Aamodt, S Wang, S 2011 Pg 136). WithShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics of children in middle childhood Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesHuman development refers to the processes of change and stability throughout human life. The early stages of development in children are important in their life span. Children in middle childhood are those who are in the age between 6 to 11 years old. Most children in middle childhood start their formal education in primary school. In this stage, they have more opportunities to expose themselves to people and environment they had never known. In general, children in middle childhood are characterizedRead MoreThe Importance of Physical Activity Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe teaching profession plays a fundamental role in educating children. Some of which include physical activity Teachers engage in many roles in student’s learning, some of which are more challenging and important than others and all which contribute to a child’s development. The process of childhood development is dynamic, recognised by various fields including the influential society, inherited characteristics through genetics, and the psychological behaviour of the child. These fields all playRead MorePhysical Activity Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pagesneed to know also learn how physical activity has the potential to prevent health risks from young children. One of these health risks is obesity, which affects Middle Childhood children from the ages of 6 - 11years of age. Therefore, how has society prevented childhood obesity and what strategies can be implemented to develop and promote awareness of physical activity amongst children? If young children are to be educated and advised about the important benefits of physical activity and healthy lifestyleRead MoreChildren Are Our Pillars For Tomorrow Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesChild Study Project Children are our pillars for tomorrow. It is therefore important to study children at different ages. The main goal of this project is to understand child development by using case study method along with child observations and parent interview. Given the circumstances of long distance, Skype is used to observe the child and conduct the parent interview. Matthew, who was born and raised in Hong Kong, is an outgoing and smart 7th grader. He is a 10-year-old Chinese boy growingRead MoreEssay on Developments in Middle Childhood1584 Words   |  7 Pages   Children between the ages of 8-12 are defined as being within the developmental stage of middle childhood.   At this age, the rapid development of previous stages has decreased and the physical changes within this period are slower and more defined.   The refinement of gross and fine motor skills is a critical aspect of this stage as the delayed or retarded development can have significant impact on the areas of cognitive, social and emotional development.   In order to ensure children are equippedRead MoreChildhood Development : Middle Childhood1269 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle Childhood Development The middle childhood is to leave the play years to start maturing years to start adolescence (Berk, 2010). During the middle childhood, children began to have a lot physical changes. As well as, they begin to discover there identify that they are. For example, secondary sexual organs begin to develop in the boys and girls, they will confuse about identify. The puberty is the cycle when children are out of control because they will transition to leave the children to enterRead MoreThe Importance of Physical Activity Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesPhysical Activity is undeniably good for everyone, not only does it keep you fit and healthy but when started at a young age, it can set up good habits for life. Sometimes however, people do not take care of their physical wellbeing, resulting in obesity and other eating disorders which can be detrimental to their health. Obesity is the condition of being seriously overweight. It is now considered a global health epidemic by the World Health Organization (2000) (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010). PhysicalRead MoreHow Environment Affects Middle Childhood Development970 Words   |  4 PagesHow Surrounding environment affect Middle childhood development The process of development of human from birth to death is life long, multidimensional and multidirectional and affected by multiple interacting forces. He passes from various stages of process throughout his life cycle and felt different experiences, learn something new and improved himself. Before birth, human passed from various physical developmental stages during his fetus period and after birth he tries to adjust inRead MorePhysical Activity in Primary School Children Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesPhysical activity is crucial for a child’s development and lays the foundation for a healthy and active life. Children are becoming overweight and obese due to poor food choices and an increasing sedentary lifestyle (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010). High calorie food and increased indoor activity, such as watching television or computer games, are fuelling the unhealthy lifestyle epidemic in children. Physical activity in middle childhood, (8 to12 year olds), is a crucial component in addressing and preventingRead MoreThe Birth Weight Of A Newborn1261 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the moment a newborn is birthed into the world they begin their physical development at a larger rate than any other period of their life. The first year of life is full of rapid physical growth in all aspects such as weight, height, limb lengths and even the physical growth of internal organs. On average, the birth weight of a newborn will double by the time they reach six months old and triple at the end of their first year of life. While weight is steadily increasing there is also an expansion

Coyote Blue Chapter 20~21 Free Essays

string(26) " can talk in front of Mr\." CHAPTER 20 Nevermore Santa Barbara When Sam walked into his office Gabriella met him with a cup of coffee. â€Å"Mr. Hunter, I’d like to apologize for my behavior yesterday. We will write a custom essay sample on Coyote Blue Chapter 20~21 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I don’t know what came over me.† â€Å"That’s okay. I do.† â€Å"I hope you were able to resolve the difficulties at the Cliffs.† Sam wasn’t prepared for civility from Gabriella; it was like encountering a polite scorpion. Life was changing before his eyes. â€Å"Everything’s fine. Any calls?† â€Å"Just Mr. Aaron.† She checked her message pad. â€Å"He would like you to stop into his office if it wouldn’t be too much trouble.† â€Å"Exact words?† â€Å"Yes, sir.† â€Å"My my, has the Sugarplum Fairy been through here today?† Gabriella checked the pad. â€Å"No message, sir.† Sam smiled and walked away. Down the hall Julia told Sam to go right in. Aaron stood and smiled when Sam entered the office. â€Å"Sammy boy, have a seat. We need to talk.† Sam said, â€Å"Forty cents on the dollar, plus interest. You keep the office. I want out. That’s it. You talk.† Aaron dismissed Sam’s comment with a wave. â€Å"That’s all behind us, buddy. Cochran’s lawyer called. There isn’t going to be any lawsuit. You and I are square.† â€Å"What happened?† Sam knew he should be elated at the news, but instead he felt dread. For a moment he had relished the idea of giving up all the pretending. Now what? â€Å"No explanation. They just backed off. They apologized for the mistake. You’ll get a formal apology in the mail tomorrow. I never doubted you, kid. Not for a minute.† â€Å"Aaron, did you talk to Spagnola today?† â€Å"Just briefly. Just a social call. He was pretty heavily medicated. I’m not sure I trust him, Sam. You want to watch your back around that guy. He’s unstable.† Sam felt his ears heat up with anger. Aaron expected him to act like the betrayal had never happened. There was a time when he would have, but not now. â€Å"Forty cents on the dollar, plus interest.† Aaron lost his friendly-guy salesman’s smile. â€Å"But that’s behind us.† â€Å"I don’t think so. You’re a shit, Aaron. That doesn’t surprise me. But it does surprise me that you went after me when I was down. I thought we were friends.† â€Å"We are, Sammy.† â€Å"Good. Then you won’t mind having the papers on my desk by midweek. And you can pay the attorney fees. They’re tax deductible, you know. And if you’re late, you will need the write-off.† Sam got up and started out of the office. Aaron called after him. â€Å"We don’t have to do this now.† Without turning Sam said, â€Å"Yes we do. I do.† Sam nodded to Julia as he passed but he couldn’t muster a smile. What have I done? he thought. In his outer office Gabriella was kicked back in her chair with her skirt up around her armpits. She seemed to be hyperventilating and her eyes were rolled back in her head. â€Å"Gabriella! Again?† She pointed to his office door. Sam threw the door open, banging it against the wall and disturbing a raven that was perched in the brass hat rack just inside. Sam stormed over to the bird, barely resisting the urge to grab it and rip its feathers out. â€Å"Goddammit, I told you to stay off my secretary!† Sam shook his fist at the bird. â€Å"And what kind of bullshit did you pull over at Motion Marine to get them to drop the lawsuit? Can’t you just leave me alone?† â€Å"Why are you yelling at the bird?† The voice came from behind him. Sam looked around, his fist still threatening the raven. Coyote was standing in the opposite corner of the office by the fax machine. Sam’s anger turned to confusion. He looked at the bird, then Coyote, then the bird. â€Å"Who’s this?† â€Å"A raven?† Coyote speculated. He turned back to the fax machine. â€Å"Hey, what is this button that says ‘network’?† Sam was still looking at the bird. â€Å"It sends simultaneously to the home offices of all the companies we represent.† Coyote pushed the button. â€Å"Like smoke signals.† â€Å"What?† Sam dropped his fist, ran to the fax machine, and hit the cancel button a second too late. The display showed the transmission had gone out. Sam pulled the paper from the machine and stared at it in disbelief. Coyote had obviously lain on the copy machine to get the image. â€Å"You faxed your penis? That machine prints my name at the top of each transmission.† â€Å"The girls in the home office will think highly of you, then. Of course, they will be disappointed if they ever see you naked.† The raven squawked and Gabriella appeared at the open door. â€Å"Mr. Hunter, a gentleman is here to see you from the police department.† Coyote held the Xerox up to Gabriella. â€Å"A picture of your friend,† he offered. A sharp-featured Hispanic man in a tweed sport jacket pushed his way past Gabriella into the office. â€Å"Mr. Hunter, I’m Detective Alphonse Rivera, Santa Barbara PD, narcotics division. I’d like to ask you a few questions.† He held out a business card embossed with a gold shield, but did not offer to shake hands. â€Å"Narcotics?† Sam looked to Coyote, thinking he would have disappeared, but the trickster had stood his ground by the fax machine. On the hat rack, the raven cawed. â€Å"Nice bird,† Rivera said. â€Å"I understand they can be trained to talk.† Rivera walked to the bird and studied it. â€Å"Pig,† the raven said. â€Å"He’s not mine,† Sam said quickly. â€Å"He belongs to-† Sam looked around and Gabriella was gone from the doorway. â€Å"He belongs to this gentleman.† Sam pointed to Coyote. â€Å"And you are?† Rivera eyed Coyote suspiciously. â€Å"Coyote.† Rivera raised an eyebrow and took a notebook from his inside jacket pocket. â€Å"Mr. Hunter, I have a few questions about what went on at Motion Marine a couple of days ago. Would you prefer to talk in private?† â€Å"Yes.† Sam looked at Coyote. â€Å"Go away. Take the bird with you.† â€Å"Nazi scum,† the raven cawed. â€Å"I’ll stay,† Coyote said. Sam was on the verge of screaming. Sweat was beading on his forehead. He composed himself and turned to Rivera. â€Å"We can talk in front of Mr. You read "Coyote Blue Chapter 20~21" in category "Essay examples" Coyote.† â€Å"Just a few questions,† Rivera said. â€Å"You had an appointment with James Cable at ten. Is that correct?† â€Å"I was there for about an hour.† â€Å"I was there too,† Coyote said. Rivera turned his attention to the trickster. â€Å"Why were you there, Mr. Coyote?† â€Å"I was raising funds for NARC.† â€Å"Narc!† the raven said. â€Å"Narc?† â€Å"Native American Reform Coalition.† Rivera scribbled on a pad. Sam said, â€Å"I don’t understand. What does this have to do with narcotics?† â€Å"We think someone put hallucinogens in the coffee over at Motion Marine. Two days ago James Cable claims he was attacked by someone fitting Mr. Coyote’s description. He had a heart attack.† â€Å"I just asked him if his company would make a donation,† Coyote said. â€Å"He said no and I went away.† He had taken the Xerox of his penis from the desk and fitted it back into the fax machine. He searched the buttons. â€Å"‘Insurance commissioner, † he read as he pushed the button. â€Å"No!† Sam dove over the desk for the cancel button. Too late. He turned to Rivera. â€Å"That document wasn’t signed.† He grinned and tried to move the conversation away from his panic. â€Å"You know, I was thinking – we’ve got an Indian, a policeman, and an insurance broker. We’re only a construction worker away from the Village People.† Rivera ignored the comment. â€Å"Did you have any coffee while you were at Motion Marine, Mr. Hunter?† â€Å"Coffee? No.† â€Å"And you didn’t drink from the watercooler?† â€Å"No. I don’t understand.† â€Å"Today, three people at Motion Marine, including Frank Cochran, claim that they saw a polar bear in the offices.† Sam looked at Coyote. â€Å"A polar bear?† â€Å"We think that someone slipped them some LSD. We’re testing the water and the coffee now. We just wanted to talk to anyone who has been in the building in the last two days. You didn’t see anyone strange hanging around while you were in the building?† â€Å"I only saw Cable’s secretary and Cable,† Sam said. Rivera flipped the notebook closed. â€Å"Well, thanks for your time. If you have any strange reactions or see anything strange, could you give me a call?† Rivera handed a card to Coyote. â€Å"And you too, if you would.† â€Å"Cabron,† the raven said. â€Å"He speaks Spanish, too,† Rivera said. â€Å"Amazing.† The detective left the office. â€Å"‘Santa Barbara News-Press advertising, † Coyote read as he pushed the button. The fax machine whirred. Sam started to go for the machine, then stopped and sat down in his chair. He sat for a minute rubbing his temples. â€Å"If that cop runs a background check on me, I’m going to jail. You know that, don’t you?† â€Å"You wanted your old life back.† â€Å"But a fucking polar bear?† â€Å"Well, you have your old life back, whether you want it or not.† â€Å"I was wrong.† It felt good saying it, the honesty in it. He wanted a new life. â€Å"I just want you to go away.† â€Å"I’m gone,† Coyote said. â€Å"The girl is gone too.† â€Å"What does that mean?† The feathers on Coyote’s shirt turned black and his fingers changed to flight feathers. In an instant Coyote was a raven. He flew out the office door followed by the raven from the hat rack. CHAPTER 21 All Happy Families Santa Barbara Calliope stood in the driveway, holding Grubb, waiting for Lonnie to return. Nina had been right: she wasn’t very good at worrying, but she was giving it a good effort. She was sure that Lonnie wouldn’t hurt her or Grubb, but then again, Lonnie had never acted the way he had the night before. She wished that she could have asked Sam to stay with her and help her with a decision, but it would have been too much to ask so soon. She wished, too, that there were phones at the ashram and that she could call her mother for advice. And she couldn’t just jump in the car and drive to see her mother as she always had before. She had her job, her house, and there was Sam now. She was trying to push the dark specter of the unknown to the back of her mind when she heard the Harley approaching. She looked up to see Lonnie rounding the corner a block away, his new girlfriend clinging to him like a leech. Lonnie pulled into the driveway next to her and killed the engine. â€Å"I’m late for work,† Calliope said, wiping a trail of drool from Grubb’s face with her finger. The woman behind Lonnie glared at her and Calliope nodded to her and said, â€Å"Hi.† Lonnie reached for Grubb without getting off the bike. Calliope hugged Grubb close. She said, â€Å"I don’t want him riding on the bike with you.† Lonnie laughed. â€Å"The way you drive? He’s a hell of a lot safer on the bike.† â€Å"Please, Lonnie.† The woman reached out and took Grubb from Calliope. The baby began to cry. â€Å"He’ll be fine,† Cheryl hissed. â€Å"Why can’t you just stay at home with him?† Calliope asked. â€Å"Places to go, people to meet,† Lonnie said. â€Å"I could get Yiffer to watch him.† Calliope felt her breath coming hard. She didn’t like the look of this hard woman holding her Grubb. Lonnie said, â€Å"You tell Yiffer to watch his ass or I’ll shoot it off.† â€Å"Lonnie, I have to go. Can’t you just stay here? I’m only working the lunch shift today.† Lonnie grinned. â€Å"Aren’t you going to stop by the hospital on your way home?† â€Å"Hospital? No. Why?† Lonnie fired up the Harley. â€Å"No reason.† He laughed and coaxed the big bike around in the driveway. As he gunned the engine and pulled into the street Cheryl shouted, â€Å"Don’t worry, bitch, we’ll put a dollar on black for you.† Over the roar of the Harley, Calliope could hear the woman grunt as Lonnie elbowed her in the ribs. Calliope saw Grubb looking at her as they rounded the corner. Panic tore at her chest as what the woman had said sunk in. She turned and ran back up the steps. -=*=- By late afternoon the contractors had replaced Sam’s sliding glass door and patched the bullet holes in the walls. Sam canceled the week’s appointments, which gave him time alone with his thoughts. He soon found, however, that his thoughts, like monkeys in church, were bad company. He tried reading to distract himself, but he found that he was simply looking at the pages. He tried napping, but as soon as he closed his eyes, images of Coyote and the police filled his head. When the worry became too much for him he thought of Calliope, which set off a whole new set of worries. What had Coyote meant, â€Å"The girl is gone†? Did it matter? She was trouble. Too young, too goofy, probably too attractive. And the kid – he didn’t need a kid in his life either. Trouble. If she had gone somewhere he probably was better off. He didn’t need the hassles. That thought still bouncing through his mind, he grabbed the phone and dialed her number. No answer. He called information and got the number for the Tangerine Tree Cafe. She hadn’t shown up for work today. Where in the hell is she? Where in the hell is Coyote? The fucker knew where she went and he wouldn’t tell. What had started as a niggling irritation turned to dread. Why in the hell does it matter? he thought. Terrifying and black, a word rose in his mind that matched his feeling. He recoiled from it, but it struck him again and again like an angry viper. Love: the sickest of Irony’s sick jokes. The place where logic and order go to die. Then again, maybe not. It was only bad if you were hiding, pretending to be something that you were not. Maybe the hiding could end. Sam got up and headed out the door in what he knew was a ridiculous effort to find Calliope. He drove to the cafe and confirmed what they had told him on the phone. Then he drove to Calliope’s house and found Yiffer and Nina getting out of the van as he pulled up. Nina said, â€Å"I don’t know where she is, Sam. She left a note saying that Lonnie had taken Grubb and she was going after him.† â€Å"Nothing about where she was going?† â€Å"Any note at all is a big step for her. She used to disappear for days at a time with no note at all.† â€Å"Fuck.† Sam started to get back in the car. â€Å"Sam,† Nina called. He paused. â€Å"The note said to tell you she was sorry.† â€Å"For what?† â€Å"That’s all it said.† â€Å"Thanks, Nina. Call me if she shows up.† Sam gunned the Mercedes out of the driveway, having no idea where he was going. He needed help. All his machines and access to information wouldn’t help. He needed a place to start. Twenty-four hours ago he would have given anything to get rid of Coyote. Now he would welcome the trickster’s cryptic, smart-assed answers – at least they were answers. He drove around town, looking for Calliope’s Z, feeling hope rise each time he spotted an orange car, and feeling it fall when it turned out not to be Calliope’s. After an hour he returned home, where he sat on his sofa, smoking and thinking. Everything had changed and nothing had changed. His life was back to normal, and normal wasn’t enough anymore. He wanted real. -=*=- At the Guild’s clubhouse Tinker was digging at a flea bite on his leg, trying to pull his grimy jeans up over heavy boots to get at the tiny invader. â€Å"Fucking fleas,† he said. The Guild’s president, Bonner Newton, let out a raucous snort. â€Å"You know what they say, bro,† Newton said. â€Å"Lie down with dogs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A din of harsh laughter rose in the room from the other Guild members. â€Å"Fuck you guys,† Tinker said, feigning anger while enjoying the attention. It wasn’t that he liked ugly chicks, but who else would have him? Nineteen of the twenty full members of the Guild were draped over furniture and sprawled on the floor, smoking joints and cigarettes, drinking beers and feeling at the few old ladies present. Outside, two strikers, members who had not earned their full colors, sat on the front porch watching for the law. The house was a ramshackle stucco bungalow that had been built in the 1930s as part of a housing tract, before the term housing tract was part of the language. The walls were stained with blood, beer, and vomit. The carpet was matted with motor oil; the furniture was minimal and distressed. Only Tinker actually lived at the clubhouse. The rest of the club used it for meeting and partying. The Guild had paid a hundred thousand dollars in cash for the house. The deed was registered under Newton’s married sister’s name, as was the ranch house the Guild owned in the Santa Lucia Mountains above Santa Barbara, which housed the lab that provided their income. Ironically, the ranch’s nearest neighbor was a wobbly-headed ex-president who had declared a war on drugs, and who, from time to time, would stand on the veranda of his palatial ranch house sniffing the odor of cooking crank and calling, â€Å"Mommy, there’s a funny smell trickling down out here.† The lab produced enough income to support all of the Guild’s members and ensure that none of them had to work except to man the counter of the Harley-Davidson shop that Bonner Newton used to launder drug money. Newton held an M.B.A. from Stanford. In an earlier time, before he fell from grace for smuggling cocaine, he had stalked the glass-cube buildings of Silicon Valley, wearing Italian suits and commanding crews of brilliant computer designers who could define the universe in terms of two digits, explain the chaos theory in twenty-five words or less, and build machines that emulated human intelligence – but who thought a vulva was a Swedish automobile. Newton’s experience in coddling these genius misfits served him well as president of the Guild, for the members of the Guild were nothing more than nerds without brains: fat, ugly, or awkward men who found no acceptance in the outside world and so escaped into the security and belonging of an outlaw biker club. A Harley-Davidson and blind loyalty were the only requirements for membership. â€Å"Listen up, you fucks,† Newton said, calling the meeting to order. â€Å"Bitches outside.† He paused and lit a cigarette while the women filed out the door, glaring at him over their shoulders. He was not a large or imposing man compared to the other members, but his authority was not to be questioned. â€Å"Lonnie’s not here yet,† Tinker said. â€Å"Lonnie’s running an errand for us,† Newton said. â€Å"We’re going to take an impromptu road trip. A little business and a little pleasure.† â€Å"Fuckin’ A,† someone yelled. Newton gestured for quiet. â€Å"Seems like someone forgot to tell me that we were running low on ether up at the facility.† Newton always referred to the crank lab as â€Å"the facility.† Tinker stopped scratching his leg and hung his head. â€Å"Tink, you fucking idiot,† someone said. â€Å"Anyway,† Newton continued, â€Å"I wasn’t able to arrange a delivery, so we have to go get it. There’s a rally in South Dakota in a couple of days. At Sturgis. The Chicago chapter is going to meet us there with a couple of barrels. I want three fifty-five-gallon drums rigged with false tops so if we get stopped by the law it looks like we’re hauling motor oil. Tinker, you’ll drive the pickup.† â€Å"Aw, come on, Newt,† Tinker whined. â€Å"Warren,† Newton said. A thin biker with curly red hair looked up. â€Å"You fix one of the barrels for weapons, and make sure no one is packing. I don’t want any weapons on anyone while we’re riding.† A series of snorts, moans, and â€Å"Oh, fucks† passed around the room. Newton dismissed them with a wave. â€Å"Advice from the Gator,† he said. Gator was short for the litigator, the Guild’s attorney, Melvin Gold, who handled all their criminal cases free of charge in exchange for the assurance that he could also handle their personal injury suits. Bikers got run over a lot. â€Å"Look,† Newton insisted, â€Å"half of you are on probation. We don’t need some rookie pig looking for glory to fuck us on a concealed-weapons charge. Are we clear?† Newton paused until someone answered, â€Å"We’re clear.† â€Å"All right, then. Lonnie’s making a run to Vegas with his old lady to get the money to pay for the ether. He’ll meet us in South D. We’re out of here at nine tomorrow morning, so don’t get too fucked up tonight. Bring your camping shit. Let your bitches carry your stash.† Newton dropped his cigarette and ground it out on the carpet. â€Å"That’s all,† he said. The room filled with conversations about the trip. A few of the members got up to leave. When they opened the door a single flea hopped out with them. Once past the steps the flea changed into a horsefly and took flight. A block away the horsefly changed into a raven and headed toward the mesa and the Cliffs condominium complex. How to cite Coyote Blue Chapter 20~21, Essay examples

Biovail Corporation Revenue Recognition and FOB Sales Accounting Background Sample Essay Example For Students

Biovail Corporation: Revenue Recognition and FOB Sales Accounting Background Sample Essay Late on October 9. 2003. David Maris. an analyst at Banc of America Securities ( BAS ) . was seeking to construe the flooring events of the old few yearss and complete the write-up of his first study on the Canadian pharmaceutical house. Biovail Corporation. Maris didn’t like what he saw at the company. but he neer liked composing â€Å"Sell† recommendations. In any event. he wanted to do certain he was giving the best advice to his investing clients. Biovail Corporation was one of Canada’s largest publically traded pharmaceutical companies. 1 For many old ages. Biovail had applied advanced drug-delivery engineerings to better the clinical effectivity of medical specialties. The company commercialized its merchandises. both straight ( in Canada ) and through strategic spouses ( internationally ) . Historically. its chief curative countries of focal point had been cardinal nervous system upsets. hurting direction. and cardiovascular disease. Biovail’s nucleus competence was its expertness in the development and large-scale fabrication of pharmaceutical merchandises. It leveraged this expertness by concentrating on ( 1 ) enhanced preparations of bing drugs. ( 2 ) combination merchandises that incorporated two or more different curative categories of drugs. and ( 3 ) difficult-to-manufacture generic pharmaceuticals. In the United States. Biovail distributed a figure of pharmaceutical merchandises. These included Zovirax ® unction and pick ( topical anti-viral drugs ) and Cardizem ® LA ( for high blood pressure ) . which were marketed by strategic spouses. In add-on. Biovail distributed a figure of branded off-patent merchandises referred to as â€Å"Legacy† merchandises. The Legacy merchandises portfolio included the well-known trade names Cardizem ® Cadmium. Ativan ® . Vasotec ® . Vaseretic ® . and Isordil ® . These merchandises were non actively promoted by Biovail and represented non-core ass ets for which patent protection had 1 Biovail’s stock was listed on both the Toronto and New York stock exchanges. As a foreign private issuer. Biovail filed one-year studies to the U. S. SEC on Form 20-F and equipped interim fiscal statements on Form 6-K. In 2003 Biovail included in its one-year and interim studies fiscal statements supposedly prepared in conformity with both U. S. and Canadian by and large accepted accounting rules ( GAAP ) . Craig Chapman. Senior Lecturer. Kellogg School of Management. prepared this instance specifically for the Harvard Business Publishing Brief Case Collection. This instance was prepared entirely as a footing for category treatment and non as an indorsement. a beginning of primary informations. or an illustration of effectual or uneffective direction. This instance was developed from published beginnings. Copyright  © 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order transcripts or bespeak permission to reproduce stuffs. name 1-800-545-7685. write Harvard Business Publishing. Boston. MA 02163. or travel to http: //www. hbsp. Harvard University. edu. This publication may non be digitized. photo copied. or otherwise reproduced. posted. or transmitted. without the permission of Harvard Business School. The Truck Accident and Revised Net incomes GuidanceA few yearss before. Biovail had released counsel for the one-fourth ended September 30. 2003. bespeaking that grosss would be in the scope of $ 215 million to $ 235 million3 and net incomes per portion of $ 0. 35 to $ 0. 45. 4 both below antecedently issued counsel. The company stated in its imperativeness release that the loss of gross and income was associated with a important in-transit shipment loss of Wellbutrin ® XL. Biovail’s antidepressant merchandise. due to a traffic accident that contributed significantly to this unfavourable discrepancy. Equally far as Maris was cognizant. this was the first clip that Biovail had missed its quarterly counsel. After go forthing Biovail’s fabrication installation in Manitoba. Canada. on September 30. 2003. a truck transporting a cargo of Wellbutrin ® XL. edge for the North Carolina installation of one of Biovail’s strategic partners—a major international pha rmaceutical company that distributed the merchandise ( the Distributor ) . was involved in a multi-vehicle traffic accident near Chicago. Illinois. at about 3 p. m. Central Daylight Time the undermentioned twenty-four hours. Eight people were killed and 16 injured in the accident. when an 18-wheeler plowed into the dorsum of a circuit coach. which so collided with Biovail’s contract bearer. All the human deaths were on the coach. 5 Biovail announced that the merchandise on the truck might still be saleable in the hereafter. However. it would necessitate to be returned for review to Biovail’s fabrication installation in Manitoba to guarantee that it was still within acceptable specifications. The company estimated that gross associated with this cargo was in the scope of $ 10 million to $ 20 million and confirmed that the fabrication cost value of this cargo had been to the full insured. Biovail’s most recent filing with the U. S. Securities Exchange Commission stated that they recognized merchandise gross revenues gross when the merchandise was shipped to the client provided that the house had non retained any important hazards of ownership or future duties with regard to the merchan dise shipped. Gross from merchandise gross revenues was recognized cyberspace of militias for estimated merchandise returns. callbacks. discounts. and chargebacks. These militias were established in the same period in which the related merchandise gross revenues were recorded and were based on estimations of the proportion of merchandise gross revenues capable to return. callback. discount. or chargeback. In a conference call following the net incomes counsel. Biovail’s main fiscal officer. Brian Crombie. told analysts that Biovail’s contract with the Distributor had title alteration in Manitoba when it left the transportation dock ( FOB transporting point ) . 6 However. unknown to Crombie. an employee from the Distributor had antecedently called and emailed Kenneth Howling. Biovail’s frailty president of Finance who reported to Crombie. to rectify the statement about when rubric to the merchandise passed to the Distributor. The understanding between Biovail and the Distributo r provided that rubric to. and hazard of loss with regard to. the merchandise would non hold passed to the Distributor until the merchandise was delivered to the Distributor’s installation ( FOB finish ) . The Response of Other AnalystsOn October 3. 2003. instantly following the proclamation of the truck accident. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce announced that it was cutting its stock evaluation on Biovail to Sector Performer from Sector Outperformer and taking the company from the Special Research Series ( SRS ) . efficaciously discontinuing coverage of the stock. The grounds given for the downgrade cited on-going production holds and operational uncertainnesss at Biovail. 7 In contrast. J. P. Morgan Securities Inc. was more cheerful. 8 On October 9. 2003. analysts at that place reiterated their â€Å"Overweight† evaluation on Biovail. foregrounding that ( I ) Biovail remained house on its estimation of $ 10 million to $ 20 million in Wellbutrin ® XL grosss lost in the accident. ( two ) Biovail’s low quality of net incomes in the yesteryear should non be intelligence to those familiar with Biovail. and ( three ) hapless net incomes quality doesn’t equal bad a ccounting. Charles Darwin And Imperialism England Went Through Dramatic Changes I EssayMaris felt that Biovail should non be able to enter gross from the sale of the drugs in the truck in the 3rd one-fourth. It merely didn’t feel right. However. he wanted to do certain that he truly understood the effects of the accident on the house before he signed off on his Sell recommendation. Assignment Questions1. 2. 3. 4. How many truckloads of merchandise are really required to transport $ 10 million of merchandise? Show your computations. 19 How should the company acknowledge gross based upon the two possible FOB contract constructions mentioned in the instance? Why? How does the accident affect the declared grosss under the different FOB contract constructions? Explain your logical thinking. Are you concerned about the company’s intervention of analysts who cover the stock? Would you desire to be an analyst covering this company? 16 High profile illustrations included accusals of channel dressing at Bristol Myers Squibb. ClearOne Communications. Coca- Cola. and Sunbeam. hypertext transfer protocol: //sec. gov/litigation17 hypertext transfer protocol: //sec. gov/interps/account/sabcodet13. htm ( April 28. 2006 ) 18 By comparing. under International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) . gross was by and large recognized when all the undermentioned conditions were met: the important hazards and wagess of ownership of the goods have been transferred to the purchaser ; the marketer keeps neither go oning managerial engagement nor effectual control over the goods sold ; the sum of gross can be measured faithfully ; it is likely that the economic benefits associated with the dealing will flux to the marketer ; and the costs incurred or to be incurred in regard of the dealing can be faithfully measured. 19 It may be easier to change over all length dimensions to centimetres ( centimeter ) before ciphering volumes. Amalgamate Statements of Income ( Loss ) of Biovail Corporation ( In US $ 1000s. except per portion informations ) Three Months Ended June 30 2003 2002 Six Months Ended June 30 2003 2002 $ 284. 644 6. 273 117. 756 408. 673 48. 744 39. 819 103. 106 86. 407 84. 200 ( 34. 055 ) 328. 221 80. 452 4. 702 ( 19. 489 ) 6. 664 72. 329 10. 350 $ 61. 979 $ 0. 39 $ 0. 39 $ 287. 642 11. 515 41. 227 340. 384 77. 007 24. 921 78. 318 26. 528 0 0 206. 774 133. 610 2. 561 ( 11. 797 ) ( 66 ) 124. 308 8. 700 $ 115. 608 $ 0. 76 $ 0. 70 Gross Product gross revenues Research and development Co-promotion. royalty and licensing Expenses Cost of goods sold Research and development Selling. general and administrative Amortization Acquired research and development Colonies Operating income Interest income Interest disbursal Other income Income before proviso for income revenue enhancements Provision for income revenue enhancements Net income ( loss ) Net incomes ( loss ) per portion – Basic Earnings ( loss ) per portion – Diluted Long-run investings Property. works and equipment. cyberspace Goodwill. cyberspace Intangible assets. cyberspace Other assets. net Entire Assets Liabilities Current Accounts collectible Accrued liabilities Income revenue enhancements collectible Deferred gross Current part of long-run duties Entire Current Liabilities Deferred gross Long-term duties Total Liabilities Shareholders’ Equity Common portions Stock options outstanding Executive Stock Purchase Plan loans Deficit Accumulated other comprehensive income ( loss ) Total Shareholders’ EquityEntire Liabilities plus Shareholders’ Equity $ 74. 568 100. 836 42. 096 11. 321 92. 285 321. 106 16. 200 749. 328 1. 086. 634 $ 71. 641 95. 289 35. 691 19. 947 122. 590 345. 158 18. 200 624. 760 988. 118 1. 443. 956 4. 678 ( 9. 988 ) ( 518. 434 ) 23. 597 943. 809 $ 2. 030. 443 1. 433. 624 4. 856 ( 9. 988 ) ( 580. 413 ) ( 2. 393 ) 845. 686 $ 1. 833. 804 Senior Management Profiles at Biovail Corporation Brian Crombie is a Canadian citizen and a occupant of Mississauga. Ontario. and has been Biovail Corp’s main fiscal officer since May 2000. Crombie came to Biovail from The Jim Pattison Group. one of Canada’s largest private retention companies. During his term of office at that place. he served as Managing Director. Corporate Finance. where he was responsible for corporate development and exchequer. From 1990–1997. Crombie held a series of increasingly senior finance and general direction places with The Molson Companies ; as Senior Vice-President. Corporate Finance and Treasurer. he was responsible for be aftering. accounting and control. corporate development. exchequer and investor dealingss. Previously. Crombie worked for the Walt Disney Company. He besides has an MBA from The Harvard Business School. Eugene Melnyk ( born May 1959 ) is a Canadian citizen and a occupant of St. Philip. Barbados. Melnyk founded Biovail Corp. and has served as its president and as a manager since March 1994. Harmonizing to SEC filings. Melnyk owns over 27 million portions in Biovail. stand foring about 18 % of the common stock outstanding. Melnyk has been Biovail’s main executive officer since December 2001 and. harmonizing to Wikipedia. purchased the Ottawa Senators hockey nine of the NHL and their sphere. Scotiabank Place. out of bankruptcy in August 2003. Harmonizing to the Canadian Globe and Mail. Mr. Melnyk was one of the highest-paid Canadian executives in 2001 and 2002. He took place over $ 120 million and $ 60 million ( Canadian ) in wage and net incomes from exerting corporate stock options in 2001 and 2002 severally. John Miszuk is a Canadian citizen and a occupant of Mississauga. Ontario. Miszuk has been VicePresident. Controller. and Assistant Secretary of Biovail Corp. since June 2000. Miszuk joined the Company in July 1990 as Controller of an affiliate company and was appointed Corporate Controller in March 1994. In November 1997 he was appointed Vice President. Cont roller. Prior to fall ining Biovail. Miszuk occupied senior fiscal direction places for Becton Dickinson Canada Inc. including Manager of Planning and Analysis and Manager of Financial Accounting. His old experience includes fiscal places with Intercraft Industries Canada and Fruehauf Canada Inc. Kenneth G. Howling is a U. S. citizen and a occupant of Toronto. Ontario. He became the Company’s main fiscal officer in 1997 and was promoted to be Biovail’s frailty president of finance in 2000. In 2003 he assumed extra duties for external communications to investors and analysts when his rubric changed to Vice President. Finance and Corporate Affairs. He is a Certified Public Accountant licensed in New Jersey. but is non a Canadian chartered comptroller. Beginning: Bio information compiled from â€Å"Crombie Named to Board. † Missisauga News. October 28. 2008 ; Biovail imperativeness release. â€Å"Biovail Announces Changes to Executive Team. † August 4. 2004 ; World Wide Web. wikipedia. com and World Wide Web. patronsofsport. com profiles ( Melnyk ) ; World Wide Web. portfolio. com/resources/executive-profiles and Biovail web site World Wide Web. biovail. com ( Miszuk and Howling ) .

Seven years in Tibet

Introduction The film plays a big role in exploring one’s spirituality. This is mainly because it conveys spiritual transformation that is usually witnessed in religion. Henrich Harrer undergoes spiritual transformation as well as enlightenment in order to set a side his ego and narcissism. The protagonist abandons his pregnant wife for a mountain climbing expedition in Nanga Parbat.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Seven years in Tibet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this expedition fails. This is followed by World War II, in which Harrer is imprisoned at India’s POW camp (because he is an alien enemy). However, Harrer escapes to Tibet (Holy city of Lhasa) where he meets the young Dalai Lama who ends up transforming his life. Unfortunately, the Chinese army invades Tibet and kills its peaceful people before signing an agreement that deny them sovereignty. At the end, he returns home a chan ged man after undergoing a life changing experience with Dalai Lama. This reaction paper will describe a segment of the film that was emotionally powerful as well as analyze meaning of the film (Brussat and Ann 1). Emotionally powerful segment and why The most emotional part of this film starts when Harrer agrees to teach Dalai Lama western ways in exchange for lessons in compassion, slowing down as well as humility. This emotional segment is further stirred by the invasion of Tibet by Chinese army that kills peaceful people. Interestingly, little resistance is observed from the peacefully principled Tibetans. These events soften Harrer’s heart as he sympathizes with the Tibetans and their reaction to invasion. Moreover, he starts to long for his unseen son and wife, after abandoning them earlier. This shows a huge transformation in his life. The segment is quite emotional because Harrer was known to be an egocentric man with focus only to himself. However, an interaction wit h the young Dalai Lama transforms him into a loving, sympathetic and caring person. Analysis Harrer abandons his wife and unborn son for egocentric motives to achieve mountain climbing dreams. However, he comes back a changed man with a longing for his wife and son. Moreover, he comes back as a gentle and transformed person. This is quite strange given that such expectations were unimaginable. Clearly, this shows that human heart can be transformed. Moreover, this can transpire in his actions. His ego and pride diminishes after an emotional as well as tragic experience in Tibet. This happens after he fails to achieve his dream of climbing Nanga Parbat of the Himalayas. From this, it can be seen that once a source of pride is taken away, one is denied the outright opportunity to pursue his/her ego. Added to this, Harrer’s imprisonment turns his situation into desperation.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pape r with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, when peter falls in love with Pema, he becomes lonely and longs for his family. At this state, he finds peace in his young friend Dalai Lama who teaches him the ways of peace, compassion and humility. Besides, he is astonished and sympathetic to the Tibetans who are invaded yet they are peaceful. All these events work to transform him into a peaceful man. Conclusion Harrer is transformed into a gentle, humble and compassionate man after witnessing all the events in Tibet. His relationship with Dalai Lama is also seen to be the turning point of this transformation. However, for this to be achieved, he is first denied the source of his pride and compassion (mountain climbing and friends). It can therefore be seen that egocentric people need to be denied their source of pride to slow them down and transform them into gentle ones (Brussat and Ann 1). Works Cited Brussat, Fredric and Ann, Mary. Spirituality and practice: Seven years in Tibet. 2009. Web. https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/reviews/view/972. This essay on Seven years in Tibet was written and submitted by user Reed O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Formatting for Emphasis (From Italics to ALL-CAPS) - Get Proofed!

Formatting for Emphasis (From Italics to ALL-CAPS) - Get Proofed! Formatting for Emphasis In this post, we’ll be looking at four ways to format emphasis in Microsoft Word: italics, bold, underlining, and all-caps. We’ll also look at why you shouldn’t use quote marks for emphasis. 1. Italics In formal writing, italics are the best way to emphasize text. This includes most business writing and academic work. For example, you might find italics used in a textbook like this: That Dickens, always popularizing literary techniques. Here, italicizing â€Å"popularize† highlights the distinction between inventing something and making it popular. Italics can also be used to emphasize key parts of a quotation. If you do this, you also need to show that you’ve changed the formatting in the quoted text: This may not be a reliable interpretation The quote above uses APA rules for adding emphasis, but make sure to check your style guide for how to do this if you’re using a different referencing system. 2. Bold While bold fonts are mostly used for headings and subheadings in formal documents, they are used for emphasis online and in informal writing. This approach to emphasis is very visually striking: Bold formatting. Here, the words â€Å"strobe lighting† have been highlighted so they will stand out even for someone who is skim reading the document. 3. Underlining In the days of typewriters, which didn’t have bold or italic fonts, underlining was the standard way to emphasize text. Now that we have computers, which offer a range of formatting options, this is less common. However, you can still use underlining for emphasis if you want, especially in less formal writing. It can also be useful if you need to emphasize one or two words within a highlighted passage. For example: Underlining in action. In this case, underlining has been used to make â€Å"flying monkeys† stand out from the other bold text. 4. ALL-CAPS You can also emphasize something by capitalizing it, though this can make it SEEM LIKE YOU’RE SHOUTING. This type of emphasis is therefore best saved for when you want something to look loud. Think of all-caps as a textual loudhailer. However, all-caps should not generally be used in formal or academic writing. A Warning About Quotation Marks One common mistake is using quote marks to emphasize a word. For example, you might see a sign outside a shop that says this: Possibly sarcastic? The idea here is to stress the word â€Å"bargain.† But this isn’t correct. And since quote marks can be used to indicate irony (i.e., scare quotes), it could even seem sarcastic! This sign could therefore suggest that the products are overpriced, which is the complete opposite of the intended message. As such, you should avoid using quote marks for emphasis to ensure clarity in your written work.

Top Reasons to Use PHP on Your Website

Top Reasons to Use PHP on Your Website Now that you are comfortable using HTML on your website, it is time to tackle PHP, a programming language  you can use to enhance your HTML website.  Why use PHP? Here are some great reasons. Friendly With HTML Anyone who already has a website and is familiar with HTML can easily make the step to PHP. In fact, PHP and HTML are interchangeable within the page. You can put PHP outside the HTML or inside. While PHP adds new features to your site, the basic appearance is still all created with HTML. Read more about using PHP with HTML. Interactive Features PHP allows you to interact with your visitors in ways HTML alone cant. You can use it to design simple email forms or elaborate shopping carts that save past orders and recommend similar products. It can also deliver interactive forums and private messaging systems.   Easy to Learn PHP is a lot easier to get started with than you might think. By learning just a few simple functions, you are able to do a lot of things with your website. Once you know the basics, check out the  wealth of scripts available on the internet that you only need to tweak slightly to fit your needs.   Top-Notch Online Documentation The PHP documentation is the best on the web. Hands down. Every function and method call is documented, and most have tons of examples you can study, along with comments from other users.   Plenty of Blogs There are a lot of great PHP blogs on the internet. Whether you need a question answered or want to rub elbows with PHP expert programmers, there are blogs for you.   Low Cost and Open Source PHP is available online absolutely free. It is accepted globally so you can use it on all website development and design tasks. Compatible With Databases With an extension or abstraction layer, PHP supports a wide range of databases including MySql. It Just Works PHP solves problems easier and faster than almost anything else out there. It is user-friendly, cross-platform and easy to learn. How many more reasons do you need to try PHP on your website? Just  start learning PHP.

Same Sex Marriage in California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Same Sex Marriage in California - Essay Example Hence, the people wanted to pass this measure as a constitutional amendment to restore the definition of a recognized marriage in California as between a man and a woman. When the advocates of Proposition 8 presented their measure to the California Secretary of State in 2007 for permission to circulate, the ballot title that was given to it was the "California Marriage Protection Act". Prior to the passage of the Proposition 8, same-sex marriage was a constitutionally-protected right in California. The California Supreme Court Justices affirmed this understanding of the constitution in May 2008. Charlene Gomes (2005) argued that since that there is an increasing number of committed same-sex couples in the United States, there is a need for legal recognition of these relationships in order to foster the emotional and economic well-being of these families. Marvin Allison (2007) argued from a progressive religious perspective, which emphasizes justice at the heart of marriage, sexuality and family. He stated that justice means seeking abundant life for all. He then states that justice requires careful examination of social practices and institution that foster or forbid human flourishing. Furthermore, he stated that justice demands that we empower disenfranchised persons so they may lead their own life projects. A just society is one that allows people to fulfill their individual desires such as the capacity to enjoy various sexual partnerships. Several states such as Vermont, New York City, and foreign jurisdictions have passed laws allowing same-sex couples. These places cov er the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Sweden, Portugal, Greenland and the Basque region of Spain. The case of Vermont is particularly interesting since same-sex marriage had been promoted judicially by that state. It was on July 1, 2000, when the law allowing civil unions went into effect in Vermont. Civil Unions extend to gay and lesbian couples "all the same benefits, protections and responsibilities under law, whether they derive from statute, administrative or court rule, policy, common law or any other source of civil law, as are granted to spouses in a marriage" (15 V.S.A. [section] 1204(a)).Opponents of the same-sex marriage argue that it goes against the well-being of society. Glen Lavy of the Arizona legal defense group, Alliance Defense Fund stated that he opposes same-sex marriage since it fosters the well-being of children and society. He was pleased with the New York Court when it issued the statement that the government had a key interest in advancing heterosexual marriage as the social institution that best forges a linkage between sex, procreation and child reari ng. Social science researchers have come up with studies that reinforce stability of a heterosexual marriage as providing a positive environment for children to grow up and become responsible adults.Same-sex marriage goes against Christian tradition that has seen sexual love as a gift from God and a good in its own right. However, it also recognizes the dangers of undisciplined desire and its strong destructive potential.Several independent church groups have campaigned for the passage of Proposition 8. The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America headed by evangelical minister Rick Warren supported the passage of Prop. 8. The National Organization for Marriage and Focus on the Family campaigned and helped

Close Reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Close Reading - Essay Example This particular day, Bill Hutchinson’s family becomes the unlucky victim. His wife, Tessie, gets the marked slip. In order to adhere to the demands of tradition, every villager picks a stone from the collected sample. Tessie is stoned to death in what narrates the tale of a community eating a member of its own. The Lottery depicts symbolic cannibalism through the death of Tessie Hutchinson. A community ganging up to celebrate the death of its own symbolizes peer pressure. It is a kin to the warnings about smoking. The difference is that Jackson is trying to warn people against primitive loyalty to a group. Jackson questions the absence of logic in group psychology and collective conscience of this particular community that agrees to slaughter its member in a brutal manner. Two things happen on this day: the first thing is peer pressure while the second thing is the forceful exclusion of a member of the community with the purpose of giving the rest of the members a chance to bond. The story narrates how lunch is prepared in time for the ultimate enjoyment once the unfortunate member has been excluded. Another theme that features in the text is the people’s unchallenged loyalty to tradition. This tradition presents a horrendous experience to the unlucky victim and his/her family members. It explains the excitement and nervousness that hang over the community’s head on this particular day. No member of this community has the courage to defy the norm. Nobody has the courage to question the logic behind the ritualistic execution of a member of the community. This element of loyalty is captured in the following line, Precisely, Jackson presents an element of a dead community. The community is trapped in a rotten traditional architecture. Since people are loyal and do not think about the origin and relevance of their tradition, it is unlikely that this community would rescue its members from the horror

Critical Review for the Article Essay Example for Free

Critical Review for the Article Essay The electronic journal entitled: ‘The Long-Term Performance of Horizontal Acquisition’, by Laurence Capron of the Institut Europeen dAdministration des Affaires (INSEAD), published in 1999 by the Wiley and Sons publishing, has studied the creation of â€Å"horizontal mergers and acquisition†. In Capron’s paper, he dated his studies from mid-1980’s to early 1990’s financing strategies of firms in divesting and liquidating its assets which he referred as the â€Å"horizontal mergers and acquisition†. Capron has cited about 253 firms in Europe and America that patterns the financing strategies. According to Capron (1999), examination reveals divestment of assets and capital infusion (re-financing of liquidated assets) makes effective to â€Å"acquisition performance†, but could have potentially detrimental impact. As what Capron emphasized on the performance of acquisition based on â€Å"divestment and redeployment (re-acquisition) of resources†, his study examines the defects and compliments on effective means in â€Å"horizontal mergers and acquisition†. Key points and rationale As reviewed from the journal, the â€Å"horizontal acquisitions† may be exemplified as a means and strategy in establishing the resource-divestment scheme, in which by doing so, it â€Å"optimizes or exploits the values of cost-based and revenue-based synergies† (Capron 1999: p. 988). As explained, it may be perceived that the â€Å"synergy† patterns the continuing acquirement of business values, as a result of divestment wherein merging of the newly diversified firm or business values acquires more assets and capital budget. According to Capron (1999), the cost efficiency theory emphasizes on the significance of cost-based synergies that occur when assets have been divested resulting the integration of cost-saving measures. Thus, the firm performs effectively in enhancing its revenues that synergizes with the redistribution of the capital towards an enhanced capability. It may be analyzed from the findings of Capron that the 1980’s and 1990’s rapid growth of industries brought about by globalization have emerged more investments in the supply chain. One of which is the positioning of developed and high-end industries within raw material sources. Like, for example, diversification process has been developed in Asian countries wherein more investment in cheap raw materials and labor are available and can be acquired easily. The â€Å"horizontal acquisition† could be drawn from establishing partnership, subsidiary in operation, joint ventures and inter-dependency in export and import schemes. Hence, for example â€Å"Company A† has divested in establishing â€Å"Company B† to engage in tire manufacturing that source out the cheapest raw materials. In which case, a diversified industrial firm could venture out into â€Å"versatile† business values that optimize capital investments for a larger revenue generation translated into cost effectiveness that means substantial profitability. In Capron’s finding, the so-called â€Å"economy of scale† became the bases of diversification process that paved the way to a â€Å"large-scale† industrialization. The 20th century practice of the economy of scale has favored more industries to capture the â€Å"investment areas†, specifically in poor countries. The â€Å"dispensation of merging† through open-ended stockholding in small-medium-large enterprises units has put significant relevance in acquiring industrial partnership, wherein capital investment has a critical role in merging companies. As cited from Capron’s findings, the logical economic explanation is capturing revenue-based synergies which are commonly identified as allocating and complementing resources by providing â€Å"core competencies† or â€Å"mobilizing invisible assets† (Penrose 1959; in Capron 1999: p. 989). As cited, Capron also pointed out in his â€Å"theoretical model† of post-acquisition and target redeployment (Capron 1999: pp. 990-995). According to Capron, the theory describes the diversification process as focusing on (1) asset divestiture, (2) cost-saving, (3) resource redeployment, and (4) revenue-enhancing capabilities as an effective means of â€Å"acquisition performance† (Capron 1999: p. 992). The theoretical model refers to and explains the â€Å"basic economic behavior† as outlined in the acquisition performance. Capron further theorized that capabilities in a divested firm are being distributed as an organizational undertaking. Meaning, it can be explained that the system of corporate governance and human resources are distributed or being shared that composes the acquisition performance. However, key â€Å"organic elements† were emphasized to have been integrated in the divestment process, in which the re-deployment (or deployment) of the organizational â€Å"system or setting† are acquired. Conclusion Capron’s examination on the horizontal acquisition and projection of model in strategic post-acquisition and redeployment could be understood as a fundamental undertaking in diversification process. It may be true that most of merging firms in their acquired assets or business are mainly distributing their in-placed â€Å"organizational or corporate system†. However, the merging firms could likewise optimize or â€Å"streamline the existing organizational set-up, which is the common occurrence in most firms that undertaken a â€Å"buy-out†. It may be perceived that the revenue-generation could be largely acquired into options by streamlining the existing organizational set-up or re-organizing both human and capital resources. Capron’s findings have emphasized more on the performance capability on the theory of â€Å"horizontal acquisition† referring only to capital budget, as implied on the capital resources or fixed assets of the firms. The human resource aspect [as a critical unit] of the post-acquisition process may have not been well emphasized. What has been generally discussed in the study is the transformative business value in divestment schemes referring to capital investments and fixed asset liquidation. It could be reflected that the capital investment and fixed asset liquidation are the critical factors in the divestment schemes as the primary resource of merging stakeholder. It could be suggested that the â€Å"potentially detrimental impact† [as also pointed out by Capron] could be referred to the human resources or labor force in a diversified industry. The merging stakeholder in Capron’s findings were much given relevance on how they could effectively perform in targeting their post-acquisition and redeployment, in which the study itself envisions to complement the performance capabilities of the stakeholders. At this point, we may re-examine Capron’s â€Å"theoretical model† as giving more â€Å"weight† to the envisioning of transnational and multi-national enterprises in furtherance of globalization, in which the continuing divestment scheme competes in the large scale economy of labor market and capital build-up. We may then conclude that Capron’s findings could be re-examined with further studies relating to human resources re-deployment or deployment on its horizontal development complementing the diversification of industries, in which the parallelism envisions both human and capital divestment. Section B Morrison’s bid to Safeway The electronic magazine of the Financial Times on its December 8th 2003 issue at the www. ft. com web site has published the news article of Richard Milne entitled: ‘Countdown Starts for Morrisons Bid for Safeway’. According to the news article, the Morrison Supermarket bided 21 days from its competitors, such as Tesco, J. Sainsbury and Asda-WalMart, following the UK government’s offer to sell the Safeway supermarket. The UK Department of Trade and Industry disclosed that â€Å"Morrison was willing to sell its 53 stores if acquisition of Safeway is successful† (Richard Milne 2003; in Ft. com 2008). Morrison’s negotiation was favored by the UK Competition Commission that disqualified the three major competitors from the bidding and upheld Morrison to takeover Safeway with a share of 219-1/2 from the 279-1/2, in which Safeway acknowledged the buy out. In a follow up report in 2004, after a year of the buy out, the Safeway has gained 40% of sales growth. Financial analysts claimed that Safeway has â€Å"migrated customers† to Morrison supermarket, as it cited that â€Å"quality of sales has gone better because Morrison has stopped the Safeway policy of rolling deep discounts† (Martin Dickson 2004; in Ft. com 2008). Perception of the issue Morrison’s takeover of Safeway supermarket has gauged the situation of significant financial divestment venture. The business potentials of Safeway [being an established supermarket that solely competes with Tesco, J. Sainsbury and Asda-WalMart] were the â€Å"strong intent† of financial divestment of Morrison to even offer the sell of its 53 stores. The financial divestment of Morrison could be relating Capron’s findings on the â€Å"horizontal acquisition† of merging stakeholders by way of capital investments through diversified assets. In which case, the Safeway supermarket has found by Morrison as a â€Å"potential divestiture† that shall absorb the vulnerability from tough competitors. The merging of stakeholder through a buy-out or takeover of an established investment [like Safeway] may have validated Capron’s theory of â€Å"post-acquisition and redeployment†, in which Morrison has able to â€Å"contain† the migratory customers and could further develop the acquisition performance of divesting financial investments. The divestment process of Morrison’s takeover to Safeway has likewise described Capron’s finding on merging firms that engages in the economy of scale. One that Morrison has learned from the Safeway’s enterprise approach on rolling deep discounts, wherein it found to be defeating the â€Å"selling schemes†. Thus, managing the risks in â€Å"horizontal acquisition† has gained Morrison’s capability to undertake strategic competition that transformed the â€Å"old Morrison business† through the new outfit of Safeway supermarket. It may be then generally perceived that Capron’s theory on â€Å"horizontal acquisition† has transformative business value in enhancing the financial investment and liquidating a frozen asset [like Morrison’s 53 stores that are non-performing], of which a â€Å"unilateral† financial divestment scheme in managing risk investment, that is vulnerable to tightened competition, gains flexibility upon acquiring an established business venture. However, this assumption is perceptive of a challenge to the continuing financial divestment of core industries in the global market. List of References Capron, L. (1999) ‘The Long-Term Performance of Horizontal Acquisition’. Strategic Management Journal, pp. 987-1018, John Wiley Sons, Ltd. , CCC 0143– 2095/99/110987–32. Dickson, M. (2004). ‘Companies UK: Safeway Sale’. The Financial Times (2008). [online] available from http://search. ft. com/ftArticle? queryText=Morrison%E2%80%99s+takeover+of+Safe wayy=3aje=truex=16id=040521002246ct=0 [14 June 2008] Milne, R. (2003). ’ Countdown Starts for Morrisons Bid for Safeway’. The Financial Times (2008). [online] available from http://search. ft. com/ftArticle? queryText=Morrison%E2%80%99s+takeover+of+Safe wayy=3aje=truex=16id=031208004508ct=0 [14 June 2008]

Essay --

I think that beliefs and behavior are connected. What we believe can and does determine how we behave. Beliefs are thoughts and concepts that we hold to be true and behavior is the action taken. I do not feel that children should be taught to be ashamed of their beliefs or behavior unless it is harmful to others or against the law. But, who determines what responsible beliefs and behaviors are? Let’s examine this further by looking at a few arguments involving Pascal’s wager, leap of faith and existentialism. I would like to explain my point of view by using religion and faith to answer this question. Firstly, let us discuss the argument of faith vs. reason. Faith and reason will always be in conflict with one another, especially between the non-believers and the believers of the Christian faith. According to French mathematician Blaise Pascal, there is no rational proof for God’s existence. Pascal, however, argued that it is justifiable to believe in God if you assume he does exist. Let us imagine that God does exist but you get external punishment all because you did not believe i...

Effect of Electronic Media in Public Essay

People’s life is becoming more convenient and colorful compared with the past years because of the growing popularity of electronic media, which are media that use electronics or electromechanical energy for the end-user (audience) to access the content. The user of electronic media, such as the internet, 3G mobile phone were increasing rapidly in China within the past years. In the year of 1987, Chinese people sent their first email to Germany in an institute located in Beijing. In 2000, the number of internet users was 225, 000, 00 and this figure reached to 513,000,000 by the end of December, 2011. Besides, Chinese mobile phone users have exceeded one billion by the end of 2011. Why these electronic media increase so fast? Because it is the age of information and technology today. Xiaoping Deng (1988) pointed out that Science and technology constitute the primary productive force. Electronic media devices have found their way into all parts of modern life. For example, a person who has something urgent to inform to his family, of course he would choose to use e-mail instead of writing letter, for its more convenient and fast and can be read at any time or anywhere by the receiver. The other electronic media, like telephone, telegraph, which are all quicker and safer than the traditional way to communicate. Besides, books and newspapers cost people a lot (money, time, etc.) since these traditional media published frequently and updated slower than the electronic media, such as the internet. The electronic media affect people’s life greatly because of their convenience and safety. It also provides people with a public platform to express the true thoughts from their inner world. However, we should know that there are always two sides to everything, and it is without exception for electronic media. Excessive using of electronic media may lead people to indulge in the virtual world. For instance, children are addicted to net games so the phenomenon of absenteeism in school appeared which is a rare  phenomenon in the past years. Moreover, since the early 1960s, research evidence has been showing that violence in television, movies, video games, cell phones, and on the Internet increases the risk of violent behavior. In conclusion, People should know how to use these advanced and modern media in a reasonable way, for these new electronic media could result in a serious of problem during their lifetime if they are used improperly by the people. References 1.The 29th China Internet Development Statistics Report(2012).{online].Available from: http://www.cnnic.cn/research/bgxz/tjbg/201201/t20120116_23668.html 2.Wikipedia.{online].Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_media 3.L. Rowell Huesmann. (2007). The Impact of Electronic Media Violence: Scientific Theory and Research.

Agonism in the Academy Essay

Education, a most powerful tool of use in today’s world and one that we probably take for granted, could possible be at risk as far as how knowledgeable we are becoming on the material at hand. A mind is a terrible thing to waste, and because of agonism in academics, students now might not be getting the full potential out of their mind simply because of the way they/we are being taught. Deborah Tannen, a professor at Georgetown University, in the article â€Å"Agonism in the Academy: Surviving the Argument Culture† (2000) argues that discussion rather than debate is a more proficient way of teaching our students, likewise, collaborating ideas instead of tearing down material can benefit educators and the educated more in the long run. Through a focus on logic, Tannen explains the negative influence that agonistic learning has on academic culture; she uses ethos and pathos to support her logical argument that agonistic learning is not as valuable as open discussion. In order to clearly explain the problem of agonism, Tannen shares a personal experience of a book club meeting where academic material, and learning, was torn down by critics and agonistic people. According to Tannen, during the book club meeting there were disagreements of the material between different groups. As she states, â€Å"The phenomenon I’d observed at the book-group meeting was an example of what cultural linguist Walter Ong calls agonism. † (215). Here is where Tannen first exemplifies her main claim of agonism in academics, getting her audience familiar with the term. Tannen states, â€Å"I left the meeting disappointed because I had learned nothing new about the book or its subjects. All I had learned about is the acumen of the critics. I was especially struck by the fact that one of the most influential and most talkative critics was the member who had not read the book. † (215). Through this statement, and personal experience, Tannen is able to show how agonism is apparent in our academic world even in higher credential educated men and women. Along with showing how our argumentative culture overpowers our ability to discuss and create new ideas. This experience helps strengthen her credibility because we see that she is involved in academic discussions of a higher ranking, such as professors and higher educators. One logical example Tannen uses to glamorize agonism in academics, is the negative affect is has on students success in school, more specifically college students. She goes on to say â€Å"One problem with the agonistic culture of graduate training is that potential scholars who are not comfortable with that kind of interaction are likely to drop out† (217). Through this statement we see that Tannen is familiar with the ongoing issue that more and more students are dropping out of college because they don’t feel comfortable with they way they are being forced to learn. Which ties back into her argument of discussion rather than debate, meaning if you constantly have this ongoing strong debate, then you will lose students in the process because they are becoming less and less interested in what’s being taught. Tannens main goal through this article is to persuade us into thinking differently and seeing a new way of learning, a better way of learning that could benefit education in the long run. She wants to bring the issue into the light and help us see the affects that agonism is having on our learning. To accomplish this goal, Tannen uses the appeal of pathos, emotional appeal, to reach out to her audience in a different way. This is apparent when Tannen states, â€Å"We would learn more from each other, be heard more clearly by others, attract more varied talents to the scholarly life, and restore a measure of humanity to ourselves, our endeavor, and the academic world we inhabit† (220). Although very logical, this whole-hearted sentimental quote is meant to appeal emotionally to readers by giving the feeling that we need to save our academic humanity, and not let it go to waste. In essence, Tannen is promoting cooperative discussion, where students and educators can build off each others ideas, and form new perspectives. So what should, or could, be the immediate solution to this issue? While discussing agonistic ideology, Tannen states, â€Å"Our agonist ideology seems so eeply embedded in academe that one might wonder what alternatives we have† (219). Tannen may be saying here that there are no immediate solutions at this point in time, most likely because we have been engaging in this agonistic learning style for quite some time. On the other hand, Tannen goes on to state later in the article, while discussing another reading group experience, â€Å"Refocusing our attention. . . is the greatest gain in store if we can move beyond critique in it’s n arrow sense† (220). Now the solution is blunt, we as students and educators need to step back from critique and step forward to open discussion. Tannen does an excellent job in explaining and exemplifying throughout her article how agonism has a negative affect on academic culture. Through her powerful logical appeals and support of pathos and ethos, Tannen gives numerous credible claims to support her main argument and solution of how we as students and educators should collaborate ideas to form new perspectives rather than debating material and tearing it down piece by piece.

Halfway and Other Ways

Halfway and Other Ways Halfway and Other Ways Halfway and Other Ways By Mark Nichol The noun way constitutes the second half of many compound words. Almost all of them, like halfway, are closed, but a couple retain a hyphen or are open. Way, from the Old English term weg (the German cognate retains that spelling), means â€Å"path† or â€Å"course of travel,† and by extension it refers to a course or habit of life, as well as the manner in which something occurs. (The adverbial form- as in â€Å"way back† in the sense of â€Å"a long time ago† rather than â€Å"the return path†- is an alteration of away.) Some -way compounds allude to various types of courses for vehicles: byway, cartway, causeway, driveway, expressway, freeway, motorway, parkway, and speedway; each course has a distinct function. (The humorous question about why cars drive on parkways and park on driveways is easily answered: The park in parkway refers to an area kept in or near a native state, not the action of parking; the verb park, by the way, apparently derives from the onetime practice of storing a military vehicle or other equipment in an area called a military park. And the typical truncated parking space in front of a house’s garage is a far cry from the original driveway, an extended approach along which one would drive to reach a house located on a country estate.) Ways intended generally for foot traffic include alleyways, archways, breezeways, doorways, entryways, gangways, gateways, hallways, hatchways, passageways, pathways, stairways, and walkways. (â€Å"Gangway!† became a shouted warning to clear the passage to the gangway, an opening in the deck rail to allow crew or passengers to embark or debark, and gateway is also used in promotional literature to refer to a city or town that is the jumping-off point for a scenic or recreation destination or alludes to something that serves as an introduction to the use of something else, such as a gateway drug.) Broadway was once a generic term for a wide avenue that passed between parallel lines of buildings; it was traditionally often employed as a proper name referring to such a thoroughfare in a particular city or town. A flyway is a migration route for birds, and a spillway is a watercourse from one body of water to another, as from a reservoir to a river. Headway can mean â€Å"forward movement† or â€Å"height clearance.† Leeway originally was a navigational term; it now means â€Å"freedom to do something a certain way.† Lifeway is a rarely used variation on â€Å"way of life.† Anyway is an adverb meaning â€Å"in any case.† â€Å"Under way† is the only open compound that includes way; it’s an adverb meaning â€Å"happening now† or â€Å"in motion.† (In adjectival form, it is a closed compound.) One-way, an adjective meaning â€Å"going in one direction,† is the only hyphenated form of a compound that includes way. Of several adverbs ending in the plural form -ways, only sideways (which also serves as an adjective and has the less common variation sideway) is common; others include lengthways, longways, and slantways. A small group of compounds begin with way: the nouns wayside (meaning â€Å"the side of the road† or â€Å"off to one side†), wayfarer (meaning â€Å"traveler†), and wayfaring (meaning â€Å"the act of traveling†)- the first and last are also adjectives- the adjectives way-out (meaning â€Å"far off† or, as slang, â€Å"bold†) and wayward (meaning â€Å"straying†), and the verb waylay (meaning â€Å"ambush†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†10 Types of Transitions30 Words Invented by Shakespeare

Middle School Teachers' Understanding of School Bullying in Mainland Literature review

Middle School Teachers' Understanding of School Bullying in Mainland China - Literature review Example The concept of bullying was perceived at a certain point of time to be a ritual in relation to passage or rather a harmless form of conduct that aided in forming characters in the young age. However, presently this particular idea of bullying is considered to pose long-term physical, emotional and academic consequences on the bully as well as on the victim (Blazer, 2005). The increasing rate of bullying activities is gradually emerging to be a grave matter for numerous elementary students. Bullying is identified to be amongst the triggering factors of violence which calls for the immediate correction for this kind of a behaviour. The conduct of bullying is often regarded to be a form of personal conducts which is acquired from the surroundings. Therefore, it implies that bullying, being a learning behaviour, makes it competent of being assessed and altered according to the needed requirements that get deciphered from the evaluation (Blazer, 2005). According to Olweus (1996), a student is found to fall a victim to bullying behaviour when that specific individual constantly remains open to the elements related to abusive activities or nuisances and irritations caused by the other students. The main intention behind such kind of bullying activities is believed to be the foremost concern of gaining dominance and power over the other students or the individuals. Majorly, three different forms of bullying behaviour has been identified which entails physical form, verbal form and psychological form. The physical outward appearance of bullying behaviour is known to encompass kicking, pushing, property destruction, hitting, spitting and stealing. In the similar context, the verbal kind of bullying behaviour has been learnt to engage various activities such as depicting malevolent wit, making coercion, screening hurtful behaviour and name calling. Furthermore, the psychological form of bullying activities is found to entail influencing social relationships, extortion, spreading rumors, intimidation and segregation from a certain peer group (Blazer, 2005; Cohn & Canter, 2003). The aspect of this particular kind of behaviour, i.e. bullying, is learnt to engage two vital constituents that have been recognised as the psychological or the physical form of threats often found to take place frequently with time along with the factor of power imbalance. It becomes quite imperative to be mentioned in this respect that there are certain kinds of behaviours

International Environment & Business and Europe Assignment

International Environment & Business and Europe - Assignment Example A few rounds of expansion have occurred, prompting the development of the Single Market. (ILZKOVITZ et al) The late promotion of ten new Member States significantly expanded the span of the Internal Market, while constituting in the meantime a test to its fitting working. From one perspective, the increase of the focal and eastern European nations has expanded the pool of shoppers and has furnished firms with extra chances to draw on a more extensive reach of near preferences portraying the diverse Member States. (ILZKOVITZ et al)This is a wellspring of further dynamism and proficiency in the Internal Market. (ILZKOVITZ et al)Then again, while the economic progressions prompted by this expansion have been consumed easily and there is no proof of problematic effects on the item and work markets, the expanded disparity among the Eu25 parts has enlarged the dangers of pressures inside the Internal Market (ILZKOVITZ et al) A Commission study inspected the economic measurement of the 2004 development. It reasoned that the developed Internal Market has gotten to be, notwithstanding the expanded economic disparity among its present parts, more coordinated and element. Specifically, the promotion of the focal and eastern European nations has expanded the potential profits of the Internal Market. (ILZKOVITZ et al)It has expanded the pool of purchasers yet it likewise furnishes firms with extra chances to draw on the more extensive reach of relative preferences that portray the diverse Member States.

Dental office network design Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dental office network design - Case Study Example Considering that the dentists are mobile and involved in offering services in different locations, the network solution will contain better communication equipment in order to make provision of services efficient. The network should contain proper connection of persons from different five offices situated in different locations. There should be a link between the receptionists in all offices such that they communicate and respond to calls from all areas (White, 2012). The network should be able to allow access of information by all dentists offering services to patients regardless of their location. This means that the network will contain several computers linked to a server that will enable access of information or data for patients. The design of the network solution will require careful attention in order to develop effective computer systems for fostering operations by dentists in different locations (Plant & Murrell, 2007). The network should have proper systems of communicatio ns, for example, telephone and internet linked in a systematic manner. This will allow proper communication between the dentists, their assistants and receptionists. The network solution will contain an installation of a VPN server linked to computers from different offices. The network shall contain Metropolitan Area Network components integrated in manner that it supports the Local area Network (Stair & Reynolds, 2010). ... Identify the information that is to be protected and the related security requirements Although the network is to allow flow and access of information between the five offices and other locations that the dentists will perform their services, there must be protection of information from patients (White, 2012). The design of the network solution will ensure that there is a restriction of information access to individuals. This will ensure confidentiality of patient’s information. Protection of information is a requirement of Health Insurance and Accountability Act (HPAA). The organization requires the formation of appropriate national standards for electronic healthcare operations (Stair & Reynolds, 2010). The design of the network will allow information access for authorized persons. For example, there will be security measures, for example, use of passwords and security codes to ensure access by required persons. This will ensure information for patients is not accessed by un authorized individuals. The information to be protected includes electronic and that contained in the papers. In order to ensure safeguard of information, the network requires administrative, technical and physical protection (Plant & Murrell, 2007). Maintenance of security will be possible through implementation of documented security controls. Administrative protocols will have to indicate persons who will have access to protected data. The protocol will consider aspects of data access alteration and termination. Plans should exist for the purpose of tackling emergencies emanating from the network (White, 2012). In order to adhere to the rules of HPAA, the administration will ensure performance of

Recycling paper Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Recycling paper - Lab Report Example Recycling paper It is estimated that recycling one ton of paper saves up to seventeen trees, seven thousand 26500 liters of water, 1400 liters of oil, 3.3 cubic yards of landfill and 4, 000 kilowatts of energy, and reduce green gas emissions by one ton of carbon equivalent. Paper as is known today was first made 2200 years ago in China by an official of the Chinese dynasty; he was known as Ts’ai Lun at Lei Yang. The paper looks at the three most significant usage and benefits of recycling paper. These include: †¢ Recycling leads to the conservation of natural resources as less tress need to be cut to make new paper, which in effect reduces the amount of greenhouse gases emitted to the environment †¢ Recycling also saves energy and water that could have been used during the manufacturing process of paper from virgin trees, below is a research study conducted in the UK, cementing this point †¢ Recycling frees these landfill areas to allow space for other types of trash that cannot be easily recycled. It is also important that such landfills are freed as the cost of land is today at a premium The report therefore seeks to review key developments in paper recycling over the last few decades which saw initiatives aimed at bettering recycling processes, innovations and education play a vital role in increasing recycling rates, the efficacy of certain processes and a surge in more defined corporate social responsibility. The paper looks at the three most significant usage and benefits of recycling paper. These include: Recycling leads to the conservation of natural resources as less tress need to be cut to make new paper, which in effect reduces the amount of greenhouse gases emitted to the environment Recycling also saves energy and water that could have been used during the manufacturing process of paper from virgin trees, below is a research study conducted in the UK, cementing this point Recycling frees these landfill areas to allow space for other types of trash that cannot be easily recycled. It is also important that such landfills are freed as the cost of land is toda y at a premium Introduction It is estimated that recycling one ton of paper saves up to seventeen trees, seven thousand 26500 liters of water, 1400 liters of oil, 3.3 cubic yards of landfill and 4, 000 kilowatts of energy, and reduce green gas emissions by one ton of carbon equivalent. Paper as is known today was first made 2200 years ago in China by an official of the Chinese dynasty; he was known as Ts’ai Lun at Lei Yang (Roth and George, 2000).   However, before Egyptians, Greeks and the Romans used Papyrus weed as a writing materials. This first piece of paper that was made by the Chinese official was rudimentary, rough, and very heavy, despite this shortcomings, this piece of craftsmanship was the stepping stone for production of paper that were much light, and very white. The use of paper cannot be taken lightly; it has immense significant contribution to human civilization and the growth of knowledge. In modern times paper finds use in a variety of uses, paper is use d as packaging materials in most industries, used in making tissue for usage in washrooms, used in production of newspapers for dissemination of information to the public. Moreover, papers are also used in the production of billions of textbooks and exercise books for billions of school going children and higher education purposes. The multiple uses of paper in different sectors human live and particularly the need to increase knowledge continually coupled with the benefit of environmental conservation necessitated recycling of papers. A German immigrant who had gained sufficient knowledge in papermaking first did this human desire in the United States in 1690; he made paper from left cotton wool and wood fiber. The processes The process of recycling paper passes through two important steps, the first is the collection stage, and the second most important stage after collection of paper waste is the processing stage. These two stages have various other sub processes, and they will b e discussed in these subsequent paragraphs. Collection This is the first step in the process of paper recycling, this is the most important and needs contribution from the users of paper, in this process bins containing waste paper should be strategically located in such that a way that users easily identify the bin and deposit waste papers in that bin. Figure 1 Bins that

Models Regarding the Emergence of Bipedalism

Models Regarding the Emergence of Bipedalism There are over ten hypotheses as to how and why bipedalism evolved in humans and when. Bipedalism evolved well before the large human brain or the development of stone tools. Bipedal specializations are found in australopithecus fossils from 4.2-3.9 million years ago. The different hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive and a number of selective forces may have acted together to lead to human bipedalism. Possible reasons for the evolution of human bipedalism include freeing the hands for tool use and carrying, sexual dimorphism in food gathering, changes in climate and habitat (from jungle to savanna) and to reduce the amount of skin exposed to the tropical sun. Another explanation is the mixture of savanna and scattered forests forced the first humans to travel between clusters of trees and bipedalism offered greater efficiency for long-distance travel between these clusters than knuckle-walking quadrupedism. Step One: Tool Use Evidence for use of stone tools first came from Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. These tools were found in the lowest levels dating to nearly 2.0 million years ago. In southern Ethiopia, stone tools dating to as early as 2.3 to 2.4 million years ago have been discovered. Someone or something has modified the. There are different kinds of tools as well. The overall evidence suggests that between 2.3 and 2.5 million years ago hominids began to use stone materials as tools. The first stone tools were probably made for two purposes: cutting something and pounding on something. Obviously you can cut and pound plant materials or use stone tools to dig for roots and such things. However, it is far more likely that some hominids began to cut hides and meat and chop on bones to extract protein rich marrow. Of all of the tools made, the most important was probably the sharp flake that provided the edge by which one could cut even the toughest hides. It is probably unfortunate that the first stone to ol tradition, the Oldowan Tool Tradition, is defined as a core-chopper tradition. Cores are the means to detach flakes and it is these that were so vital to early hominid stone tool users. Step Two: Bigger Brains About one million years ago, hominoid mammals started to exhibit rational thought, a mental process that represented an important advance over simple natural and emotional reactions. Rational thought or is the conscious ability to add sensory input with memory by the use of logical thought processes. Also, morality emerged, which was reliant on the emergence of intelligence.Modern humans (homo sapiens) appeared approximately 160,000 years ago. And until about 12,000 years ago, when agriculture developed, they lived in small groups as hunters and gatherers. They had large brains that had evolved like everything else because it gave the individual and the group, as well as the individual within the group, a competitive advantage: Language allowed better communication within the group and higher forms of thinking. The passing on of knowledge from generation to generation, culture, evolved simultaneously or sometime later. The transfer of more complex information, ideas and concepts from one individual to another, or to a group, was probably the single most advantageous evolutionary adaptation for species preservation. The advantage of learning from passed on knowledge is it allowed foresight and planning. This gave them the ability to adapt to various environments and move to the top of the food chain. With these developments, social survival skills within the group became more important, for the socially fittest produced more offspring. Hence, the larger-brain-yielding genes were more successfully passed on. Step Three: Thermoregulatory Advantages Wheelers thermoregulatory model proposes, as the selective pressure, bipedalism conferring reduction in heat gain and facilitation of heat dissipation. Bipedalism raises the mean body surface higher above the ground, where more favorable wind speeds and temperatures prevail. Greater wind flow translates to higher convective heat loss. Bipedalism reduces evaporative cooling requirements and conserves body water. Vertical orientation also minimizes direct solar exposure during the time of day when the solar radiation is most intense. This basically says that by being upright, hominids were exposed less to harmful elements yet gained the benefits of others. Step Four: Travel For Food More specific causes for the adoption of upright posture could be things such as carrying, display or warning, new feeding adaptations, tools, or a combination of these. A conservative view is that the hominid ancestor maintained the typical hominoid foraging regime in a Miocene habitat in which food was becoming more and more widely dispersed and required greater terrestrial travel to harvest. Bipedalism could easily have been the mode of terrestrial travel for this tree adapted hominoid, as it is in all of the modern species of lesser apes, since modern hominoids are equally efficient as bipeds or as quadrupeds at normal speeds. Given the added advantage of free forelimbs, bipedalism for a small hominoid seems likely. The adoption of bipedalism by a Miocene hominoid need not be taken as such an unlikely occurrence, especially given the fact that all lesser apes today are habitual bipeds and bipedalism can easily be adopted by modern chimpanzees in the wild. Step Five: Avoid Predators During the terminal phase of the Miocene era, or around five million years ago, the climate began to shift from wet subtropical to much more arid, grassland conditions. Over the next three million years, the heavy forest cover gradually died out and tree based hominid ancestors were forced down onto ground. There, they faced the most brutal lineup of predators in the world, including lions, leopards, hyenas, and possibly wild dogs in large packs. Survival in such environments is limited to either predator avoidance or running and hominids such as A.afarensis would have been vulnerable due to lack of swift movements necessary to escape predators. Bipedalism also exposed early hominids to predators by making them upright. They were forced to rely on binocular vision for predatory avoidance, but in cases where a predator was not seen, they were easy prey for ambush hunters. Also, their plant food diet increased their exposure to predators. The combination of other factors such as smalle r body size, and lack of sharp teeth or claws also increased vulnerability of hominids to this fate. Only a few fossilised examples are available; according to the taphonomic studies of Hart and Sussman(2005), 5% of A. afarensis fossils show evidence of having been eaten. Conclusion The emergence of hominids become bipedal has without question was one of the biggest factors in the development of civilization. If our early ancestors had never left the trees, we would not be where we are today, or they wouldnt have developed the way they did. By becoming bipedal it allowed them to travel greater distances and use their bodies in different ways. The bigger brain and the use of tools really allowed hominids to further the range of their existence and become more well rounded. There really cannot be enough said about the emergence of bipedalism. Civilization is directly a result of everything this ability allowed hominids to do.